Scipio Africanus - Roman General, Carthage, Victory | Britannica (2024)

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Also known as: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Scipio Africanus Major, Scipio Africanus the Elder

Written by

Howard Hayes Scullard Professor of Ancient History, King's College, University of London, 1959–70. Author of Roman Politics, 220–150 B.C. and others.

Howard Hayes Scullard,

Patrick Hunt Patrick Hunt (Ph.D., Institute of Archaeology, UCL, University of London, 1991) is an archaeologist and historian who has taught at Stanford University since 1993. National Geographic Society’s Expedition...

Patrick HuntAll

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Article History

Quick Facts

Also called:
Scipio Africanus the Elder
Latin:
Scipio Africanus Major
In full:
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Born:
236 bce
Died:
183 bce, Liternum, Campania [now Patria, Italy]
Title / Office:
consul (205BC-205BC), ancient Rome
Role In:
Battle of Zama
Punic Wars
Second Punic War

See all related content →

Such was Scipio’s impact upon the Romans that even during his lifetime, legends began to cluster around him; he was regarded as favoured by Fortune or even divinely inspired. Many believed not only that he had received a promise of help from Neptune in a dream on the night before his assault on Carthago Nova but also that he had a close connection with Jupiter. He used to visit Jupiter’s temple on the Capitol at night to commune with the god, and later the story circulated that he was even a son of the god, who supposedly had appeared in his mother’s bed in the form of a snake.

Polybius thought that this popular view of Scipio was mistaken and argued that Scipio always acted only as the result of reasoned foresight and worked on men’s superstitions in a calculating manner. But Polybius himself was a rationalist and probably underestimated a streak of religious confidence, if not mysticism, in Scipio’s character that impressed so many of his contemporaries with its magnanimity and generosity. Thus, although Polybius had an intense admiration for Scipio, whom he called “almost the most famous man of all time,” the existence of the legend, a unique phenomenon in Rome’s history, may indicate that Polybius’s portrait is too one-sided.

Significance and influence

A man of wide sympathies, cultured and magnanimous, Scipio easily won the friendship of such men as Philip V, king of Macedonia, and the native princes of Spain and Africa while he secured the devotion of his own troops. Though he was essentially a man of good planning and practical action, he may also have been something of a mystic in whom contemporary legend, at any rate, saw a favourite of Jupiter as well as a spiritual descendant of Alexander the Great. Scipio was one of the greatest soldiers of the ancient world; by his tactical reforms and strategic insight, he created a new army that defeated even Hannibal and asserted Rome’s supremacy in Spain, Africa, and the Hellenistic East. He had a great appreciation of Greek culture and enjoyed relaxing in the congenial atmosphere of the Greek cities of Sicily, conduct that provoked the anger of old-fashioned Romans such as Cato. Indeed, he was outstanding among those Roman nobles of the day who welcomed the civilizing influences of Greek culture that were beginning to permeate Roman society. His Greek sympathies led him to champion Rome’s mission in the world as protector of Greek culture; he preferred to establish Roman protection rather than direct conquest and annexation. For 10 years (210–201) he commanded a devoted army at the people’s wish. His position might seem almost kingly; he had been hailed as king by Spanish tribes, and he may have been the first Roman general to be acclaimed as imperator (emperor) by his troops. But, though he was convinced of his own powers, he offered no challenge to the dominance of the Roman nobility ensconced in the Senate except by normal political methods (in which he showed no outstanding ability). Reaction against his generous foreign policy—with possible clemency to Hannibal after Zama—and against his encouragement of Greek culture in Roman life led to his downfall amid personal and political rivalries. His career, however, had shown that Rome’s destiny was to be a Mediterranean, not merely an Italian, power.

Scipio’s influence outlived the Roman world. Great interest was shown in his life during the early Renaissance, and it helped the early humanists to build a bridge between the classical world and Christendom. He became an idealized perfect hero who was seen to have served the ends of Providence. Petrarch glorified him in a Latin epic, the Africa, which secured his own coronation as poet laureate in 1341 on the Capitol, where, some 1,500 years earlier, the historical Scipio used to commune in the temple of Jupiter.

Howard Hayes ScullardPatrick HuntThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Scipio Africanus - Roman General, Carthage, Victory | Britannica (2024)

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